BIO 192 Past Questions and Important Facts

BIO 192 COURSE CONTENTS:

• Important Facts on MOVEMENT IN ORGANISMS
• Important Facts on SPERMATOPHYTES
• Important Facts on SUPPORT AND SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Important Facts on MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF VERTEBRATES
• Important Facts on ROOTS AND LEAVES
• Important Facts on Food Test

MOVEMENT IN ORGANISMS

MOVEMENT IN PLANTS:

1. Tropism:

1. Definition: Movement of plant parts in response to a one-sided stimulus.
2. Control: Regulated by the plant hormone Auxin.
3. Note: Response to touch is known as haptotropism.

2. Nastic Movement:

1. Definition: Movement in response to non-directional stimuli like temperature and light intensity.
2. Examples: Sleep movement of Mimosa pudica and movement of insectivorous plants.

3. Tactic Movement:

1. Definition: Movement involving the entire plant.
2. Examples: Motile algae and Euglena.

MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS:

1. Cyclosis (Cytoplasmic Streaming):

1. Definition: Movement of cytoplasm and its contents within a cell.
2. Note: Cilia in Paramecium coordinated by the neuroneme.

2. Hydra:

1. Movement: Swaying, swimming, gliding, looping, and somersaulting.

3. Earthworm:

1. Movement: Crawling, controlled by circular and longitudinal muscles.

4. Fish:

1. Movement: Alternate contraction and relaxation of muscle blocks (myotomes) alongside the vertebral column.
2. Note: Side-to-side beating of the caudal fin propels the fish forward.

5. Adult Toad or Frog:

1. Movement: Swimming or hopping.
2. Features: Streamlined body shape for efficient swimming, webbed digits as paddles, forelimbs extend during hopping to absorb landing shock.

6. Birds:

1. Movements: Walking, soaring, gliding, and flapping.
2. Adaptations for Flight: Streamlined body, reduced digits (4), broad sternum, light and hollow bones, etc.

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