Bio 101 Assignment Question
1. Why can’t cytoplasmic chromosome be transferred from father to the next generation
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Answer
Cytoplasmic chromosomes, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), are not passed from the father to the next generation because of how fertilization happens in humans and other animals. Let’s break it down:
During reproduction, the sperm from the father and the egg from the mother come together to form a zygote, which will grow into a new individual. The sperm contributes mainly its nuclear DNA (the chromosomes in the nucleus) to the zygote. The egg, on the other hand, not only provides its nuclear DNA but also its cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains all the organelles, including the mitochondria.
Now, mitochondria are small organelles found in the cytoplasm of cells, and they have their own DNA, separate from the DNA found in the nucleus. This mitochondrial DNA is what we mean by “cytoplasmic chromosomes.” Since the egg provides almost all of the cytoplasm, the mitochondria (and their DNA) are inherited only from the mother.
Even though the sperm has mitochondria in its tail to give it energy for swimming, the tail and its contents don’t enter the egg during fertilization. After the sperm delivers its nucleus to the egg, the rest of the sperm, including its mitochondria, is usually broken down or destroyed. As a result, the father’s mitochondria are not passed on to the offspring.
In summary, cytoplasmic chromosomes like mitochondrial DNA are only inherited from the mother because the egg provides the cytoplasm and organelles, while the sperm contributes only the nuclear DNA. This process ensures that the cytoplasmic chromosomes from the father are not transferred to the next generation.
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