Audit 300L – ANA 311 SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY Quiz Past Questions and Answers
1.
The respiratory epithelium lining most of the conducting airways is classified as
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
C. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D. Simple cuboidal epithelium
Answer: C
2.
Which of the following cell types is responsible for mucus production in the respiratory epithelium?
A. Ciliated cells
B. Goblet cells
C. Clara cells
D. Alveolar macrophages
Answer: B
3.
The primary function of cilia in the respiratory epithelium is to
A. Secrete mucus
B. Absorb oxygen
C. Transport mucus and trapped particles
D. Produce surfactant
Answer: C
4.
Clara cells, found in the bronchioles, primarily function to
A. Secrete surfactant-like material
B. Absorb oxygen
C. Facilitate gas exchange
D. Destroy alveolar walls
Answer: A
5.
The basement membrane of the respiratory epithelium is thickest in
A. The alveoli
B. The trachea
C. The bronchi
D. The terminal bronchioles
Answer: B
6.
The cartilaginous support in the trachea is composed of
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Elastic cartilage
C. Fibrocartilage
D. Bone
Answer: A
7.
The transition from pseudostratified epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium occurs at the level of the
A. Trachea
B. Primary bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Alveolar sacs
Answer: C
8.
The alveolar-capillary membrane primarily facilitates
A. Mucus production
B. Ciliary movement
C. Gas exchange
D. Blood filtration
Answer: C
9.
The surfactant-producing cells of the alveoli are
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Goblet cells
D. Clara cells
Answer: B
10.
The primary function of surfactant in the alveoli is to
A. Increase mucus secretion
B. Maintain alveolar patency by reducing surface tension
C. Facilitate oxygen transport
D. Protect against infections
Answer: B
11.
The blood-air barrier consists of
A. Type I pneumocytes, basement membrane, and endothelial cells
B. Type II pneumocytes, basement membrane, and goblet cells
C. Goblet cells, ciliated cells, and connective tissue
D. Clara cells, type I pneumocytes, and fibroblasts
Answer: A
12.
The olfactory epithelium is classified as
A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with specialized sensory cells
C. Stratified squamous epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
Answer: B
13.
The trachealis muscle is composed of
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Elastic fibers
Answer: B
14.
The bronchi differ from the trachea in that they
A. Lack cartilage
B. Contain smooth muscle within their walls
C. Are lined by simple squamous epithelium
D. Lack goblet cells
Answer: B
15.
The respiratory bronchioles differ from terminal bronchioles by the presence of
A. Goblet cells
B. Alveoli
C. Cartilage
D. Ciliated cells
Answer: B
16.
The interalveolar septum contains
A. Smooth muscle only
B. A capillary network
C. Dense collagen fibers exclusively
D. Large cartilage plates
Answer: B
17.
The pleura is composed of
A. Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue
B. Stratified squamous epithelium and cartilage
C. Transitional epithelium and smooth muscle
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium and elastic fibers
Answer: A
18.
The conducting portion of the respiratory system includes all except
A. Trachea
B. Primary bronchi
C. Respiratory bronchioles
D. Terminal bronchioles
Answer: C
19.
The vestibular folds of the larynx are also known as
A. True vocal cords
B. False vocal cords
C. Epiglottic folds
D. Aryepiglottic folds
Answer: B
20.
Which structure is not part of the nasal cavity?
A. Vestibule
B. Conchae
C. Pharyngeal tonsils
D. Respiratory epithelium
Answer: C
21.
The terminal bronchioles contain which type of epithelium?
A. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells
C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Stratified squamous epithelium
Answer: B
22.
Which cells play a major role in the immune defense of the alveoli?
A. Clara cells
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Type I pneumocytes
D. Ciliated columnar cells
Answer: B
23.
Which lung structure lacks cartilage support?
A. Primary bronchi
B. Secondary bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Trachea
Answer: C
24.
The respiratory epithelium contains basal cells, which function as
A. Mucus-secreting cells
B. Sensory receptors
C. Stem cells for epithelial renewal
D. Surfactant-producing cells
Answer: C
25.
The function of the nasal conchae is to
A. Trap dust and pathogens
B. Produce mucus
C. Create turbulence to warm and humidify air
D. Detect odor molecules
Answer: C
26.
The epithelium of the true vocal cords is primarily
A. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
Answer: B
27.
Which respiratory structure marks the transition from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
A. Terminal bronchioles
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Alveolar ducts
D. Secondary bronchi
Answer: B
28.
The most abundant type of pneumocyte in the alveoli is
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Goblet cells
D. Clara cells
Answer: A
29.
The function of type I pneumocytes is
A. Surfactant production
B. Mucus secretion
C. Gas exchange
D. Immune defense
Answer: C
30.
The presence of smooth muscle is most prominent in
A. The alveoli
B. The terminal bronchioles
C. The trachea
D. The pleura
Answer: B
31.
The lamina propria of the trachea contains
A. Dense irregular connective tissue
B. Loose connective tissue with elastic fibers
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. Simple squamous epithelium
Answer: B
32.
Which of the following is absent in the alveolar walls?
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Capillary endothelium
C. Goblet cells
D. Elastic fibers
Answer: C
33.
Which structure is responsible for equalizing air pressure between adjacent alveoli?
A. Alveolar macrophages
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Pores of Kohn
D. Lamina propria
Answer: C
34.
The most numerous immune cells found in the alveoli are
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Basophils
Answer: C
35.
The serous membrane covering the lungs is the
A. Perichondrium
B. Pericardium
C. Pleura
D. Peritoneum
Answer: C
36.
The function of elastic fibers in the alveolar walls is to
A. Provide structural support
B. Enhance mucus secretion
C. Aid in lung recoil during exhalation
D. Prevent infection
Answer: C
37.
The smallest airways that do not contain alveoli are the
A. Primary bronchi
B. Terminal bronchioles
C. Respiratory bronchioles
D. Alveolar ducts
Answer: B
38.
In the alveoli, surfactant is primarily composed of
A. Mucopolysaccharides
B. Proteins
C. Phospholipids
D. Collagen
Answer: C
39.
The transition from conducting to respiratory airways occurs at the
A. Terminal bronchioles
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Primary bronchi
D. Trachea
Answer: B
40.
The alveolar-capillary barrier is composed of
A. Type I pneumocytes, endothelial cells, and a shared basement membrane
B. Goblet cells, alveolar macrophages, and capillaries
C. Type II pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and elastic fibers
D. Ciliated epithelial cells and connective tissue
Answer: A
41.
Which cells are primarily responsible for the repair of damaged alveolar epithelium?
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Fibroblasts
Answer: B
42.
The respiratory mucosa contains which specialized feature to trap and remove particulates?
A. Goblet cells and cilia
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Alveolar pores
D. Macrophages
Answer: A
43.
The primary function of the nasal conchae is to
A. Produce mucus
B. Create air turbulence for filtration and humidification
C. Detect odors
D. Assist in speech
Answer: B
44.
The adventitia of the trachea contains
A. Dense irregular connective tissue
B. Smooth muscle
C. Serous glands
D. Elastic fibers
Answer: A
45.
Which of the following structures is lined by simple squamous epithelium?
A. Trachea
B. Primary bronchi
C. Alveoli
D. Terminal bronchioles
Answer: C
46.
Which of the following is absent in bronchioles?
A. Smooth muscle
B. Goblet cells
C. Cartilage
D. Elastic fibers
Answer: C
47.
The epiglottis is composed of
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Elastic cartilage
C. Fibrocartilage
D. Dense connective tissue
Answer: B
48.
The primary defense mechanism of the respiratory system against pathogens is
A. Alveolar macrophages
B. Ciliary clearance
C. Mucus secretion
D. All of the above
Answer: D
49.
Which of the following structures contains the least amount of smooth muscle?
A. Bronchi
B. Terminal bronchioles
C. Respiratory bronchioles
D. Alveolar ducts
Answer: D
50.
The trachea bifurcates at which vertebral level?
A. C4
B. T1
C. T4-T5
D. L1
Answer: C
51.
The epithelium of the bronchi gradually transitions from pseudostratified columnar to
A. Simple squamous
B. Simple columnar
C. Stratified squamous
D. Transitional epithelium
Answer: B
52.
The primary component of the respiratory membrane that prevents alveolar collapse is
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Surfactant
C. Collagen fibers
D. Capillary endothelium
Answer: B
53.
Which of the following statements about the trachealis muscle is true?
A. It is composed of skeletal muscle
B. It relaxes during coughing
C. It connects the ends of the tracheal cartilage rings
D. It is absent in the bronchi
Answer: C
54.
Which cells in the respiratory epithelium secrete mucus?
A. Alveolar macrophages
B. Type I pneumocytes
C. Goblet cells
D. Clara cells
Answer: C
55.
The primary function of the nasal mucosa is
A. Gas exchange
B. Filtration, humidification, and warming of air
C. Producing surfactant
D. Generating immune responses
Answer: B
56.
The bronchi are histologically distinguished from the trachea by
A. The absence of cartilage
B. The presence of a well-developed muscularis layer
C. The lack of submucosal glands
D. The presence of simple squamous epithelium
Answer: B
57.
Which cells in the alveoli remove debris and pathogens?
A. Clara cells
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Fibroblasts
Answer: C
58.
The respiratory bronchioles differ from the terminal bronchioles by the presence of
A. Goblet cells
B. Cilia
C. Alveoli
D. Hyaline cartilage
Answer: C
59.
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the primary site of gas exchange?
A. Bronchioles
B. Alveoli
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Trachea
Answer: B
60.
The blood-air barrier in the alveoli is composed of
A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
C. Type I pneumocytes, endothelial cells, and a basement membrane
D. Type II pneumocytes and smooth muscle
Answer: C
61.
In which part of the respiratory system does cartilage disappear?
A. Primary bronchi
B. Secondary bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Respiratory bronchioles
Answer: C
62.
The main component of the basement membrane in the alveolar-capillary barrier is
A. Collagen type I
B. Collagen type II
C. Collagen type IV
D. Elastin
Answer: C
63.
The alveolar septum is composed of
A. Fibrous connective tissue and goblet cells
B. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
C. Capillaries, fibroblasts, and elastic fibers
D. Cartilage and epithelial cells
Answer: C
64.
The ciliated epithelium of the trachea functions to
A. Secrete surfactant
B. Trap and remove particulates
C. Produce mucus
D. Enhance gas exchange
Answer: B
65.
The functional unit of the lung is the
A. Bronchus
B. Lobule
C. Alveolus
D. Trachea
Answer: C
66.
The elastic properties of the lungs are due to
A. Goblet cells
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Collagen and elastic fibers
D. Smooth muscle
Answer: C
67.
The pleura consists of
A. Simple cuboidal epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Answer: C
68.
The mucosa of the respiratory tract includes
A. Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
B. Epithelium and cartilage only
C. Goblet cells and adventitia
D. Type I pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages
Answer: A
69.
Which bronchioles contain Clara cells?
A. Primary bronchi
B. Terminal bronchioles
C. Respiratory bronchioles
D. Both B and C
Answer: D
70.
What is the function of Clara cells?
A. Mucus secretion
B. Surfactant production
C. Detoxification of harmful substances
D. Both B and C
Answer: D
71.
The smallest functional unit of the lung where gas exchange occurs is
A. The trachea
B. The alveolus
C. The secondary bronchi
D. The terminal bronchioles
Answer: B
72.
Which layer of the respiratory system contains abundant blood vessels?
A. Epithelium
B. Lamina propria
C. Muscularis mucosae
D. Adventitia
Answer: B
73.
Which of the following cells is responsible for alveolar fluid homeostasis?
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Clara cells
D. Alveolar macrophages
Answer: B
74.
Which of the following structures helps maintain the patency of the alveoli?
A. Type II pneumocytes
B. Goblet cells
C. Ciliated cells
D. Basal cells
Answer: A
75.
The respiratory tract is lined by which type of epithelium from the nasal cavity to the bronchi?
A. Simple squamous
B. Stratified squamous
C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
Answer: C
76.
The interalveolar septum contains
A. Fibroblasts, elastic fibers, and capillaries
B. Goblet cells and cartilage
C. Skeletal muscle and blood vessels
D. Cilia and smooth muscle
Answer: A
77.
Which of the following best describes the function of alveolar pores (Pores of Kohn)?
A. Facilitate mucus secretion
B. Prevent alveolar collapse by equalizing pressure
C. Transport oxygen into capillaries
D. Connect bronchioles to alveoli
Answer: B
78.
The submucosal glands in the trachea secrete
A. Mucus and serous fluid
B. Surfactant
C. Hyaluronic acid
D. Collagen
Answer: A
79.
What type of connective tissue is found in the walls of bronchioles?
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Dense regular connective tissue
C. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
D. Fibrocartilage
Answer: C
80.
The conducting portion of the respiratory system functions primarily to
A. Exchange gases
B. Filter, warm, and humidify air
C. Facilitate blood oxygenation
D. Store oxygen
Answer: B
81.
Which of the following cells increases in number in chronic smokers?
A. Goblet cells
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Ciliated cells
Answer: A
82.
Which of the following structures lacks goblet cells?
A. Trachea
B. Primary bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Large bronchioles
Answer: C
83.
Which structure of the respiratory tract has a well-developed smooth muscle layer?
A. Alveolar ducts
B. Trachea
C. Bronchioles
D. Alveoli
Answer: C
84.
The alveolar epithelium is primarily composed of
A. Pseudostratified columnar cells
B. Simple cuboidal cells
C. Simple squamous cells
D. Stratified squamous cells
Answer: C
85.
Which of the following cells in the alveoli produces surfactant?
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Endothelial cells
Answer: B
86.
The pleural cavity is lined by
A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Simple squamous mesothelium
C. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
Answer: B
87.
The thickest layer of the trachea is the
A. Adventitia
B. Mucosa
C. Submucosa
D. Cartilaginous layer
Answer: D
88.
Which respiratory structure lacks cartilage support?
A. Primary bronchi
B. Secondary bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Trachea
Answer: C
89.
The brush cells in the respiratory epithelium function as
A. Mucus-secreting cells
B. Sensory receptors
C. Gas exchange mediators
D. Ciliated transport cells
Answer: B
90.
Which of the following statements about respiratory epithelium is true?
A. It is stratified squamous in the nasal cavity
B. It contains goblet cells throughout
C. It is primarily ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
D. It lacks basal cells
Answer: C
91.
Pulmonary capillaries are lined by
A. Simple cuboidal epithelium
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Answer: C
92.
Which of the following is true about the respiratory bronchioles?
A. They have a complete cartilage ring
B. They contain alveolar outpouchings
C. They lack smooth muscle
D. They are lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Answer: B
93.
The alveolar walls are mainly composed of
A. Type II pneumocytes and goblet cells
B. Type I pneumocytes and capillaries
C. Hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle
D. Fibroblasts and goblet cells
Answer: B
- –>
The respiratory epithelium of the trachea transitions to what type of epithelium in the alveoli?
A. Simple cuboidal
B. Simple squamous
C. Stratified columnar
D. Pseudostratified columnar
Answer: B
- –>
The basement membrane of the respiratory epithelium is thickest in the
A. Alveoli
B. Trachea
C. Bronchioles
D. Nasal cavity
Answer: B
- –>
The main function of elastic fibers in the alveoli is to
A. Secrete mucus
B. Facilitate contraction during exhalation
C. Support capillary networks
D. Prevent alveolar collapse and maintain recoil
Answer: D
- –>
What structural feature allows the bronchi to remain open during breathing?
A. Smooth muscle
B. Goblet cells
C. Cartilage plates
D. Dense connective tissue
Answer: C
- –>
The major difference between bronchi and bronchioles is that bronchioles
A. Contain submucosal glands
B. Lack goblet cells
C. Do not contain cartilage
D. Are lined by stratified epithelium
Answer: C
- –>
In chronic bronchitis, the increased number of goblet cells leads to
A. Enhanced gas exchange
B. Mucus hypersecretion
C. Alveolar expansion
D. Cartilage thickening
Answer: B
- –>
The trachea and bronchi are histologically similar except that bronchi
A. Contain larger cartilage rings
B. Have fewer goblet cells
C. Have a thinner basement membrane
D. Lack cilia
Answer: C